The objective of this study was to conduct a detailed comparative analysis of the principal milk quality parameters in the Romanian Black-Spotted (RBS, Bălţată cu Negru Românească) and Maramureș Brown (MB, Brună de Maramureș) cattle breeds, reared under a semi-intensive production system. Statistical analysis of the primary data was performed using the SPSS 16.0 for Windows software package, ensuring a high level of accuracy and reliability of the results. In the RBS breed, milk yield reached an average of 7,530.25 kg, representing an increase of 20.3 % compared to the production recorded in the MB breed. From a qualitative perspective, however, milk produced by the MB breed demonstrated superior characteristics, with a fat content of 3.99 % and a protein content of 3.49 %, highlighting the breed’s notable genetic potential for milk quality. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining genetic selection for milk quality as a central objective of animal improvement programs, through the implementation of breed-specific selection strategies.