Volume 19, No. 2 (2018)
Articles
EVOLUTION OF DETERGENTS IN WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE FROM REFINING INDUSTRY OF VEGETABLE OILS AND THEIR ABATEMENT BY COMPOSTING </br> EVOLUTION DES DETERGENTS DANS LES EAUX USEES ET LES BOUES D’INDUSTRIE DE RAFFINAGE DES HUILES VEGETALES, ET LEUR ABATTEMENT PAR COMPOSTAGE
SLIMANE LAHSAINI(1*), ANAS AGUELMOUS(1), MOHAMED CHATOUI(1), LAILA IDRISSI(1), LOUBNA EL FELS(2), SALAH SOUABI(1), MOHAMED HAFIDI(2)
This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in removing detergents from Moroccan edible oils unit. The produced sludge was composted with straw and green waste (5:4:1 v/v/v), the mixture allows a dilution of detergents up to 79.11 % compared to fresh sludge alone. The efficiency of the WWTP for removing detergents ranges from 6 to 50 % with an average of 35 % for different samples. However composting has reduced the detergents contained in the sludge with 85.84 % compared to the initial mixture (T0). These results show that the composting of sludge is an efficient technology for the biodegradation of toxic components.
REMOVAL OF METAL IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM ZEA MAYS STEM
MZUKISI MATANDABUZO, PETER A. AJIBADE*
Activated carbon prepared from Zea mays stem using chemical activation was used as adsorbent for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution. The results indicate that the adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions is pH, contact time, and concentration dependent while the adsorption of Hg(II) is very different. The maximum removal percentages obtained at pH 5-6 were 97.44 % for Pb(II), 98.37 % for Cu(II), 89.37 % for Cr(III) and there was no adsorption for mercury ions. The metal ion removal trend follows the order Pb(II) > Cr(III) > Cu(II). The results show that Langmuir model fitted well in most cases with R2 > 0.99. Consequently, the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) followed Langmuir isotherm model while that of Cr(III) best fitted on Freundlich isotherm model.
DETERMINATION OF AFLATOXINS IN RICE USING QUECHERS AND FLUORESCENCE HPLC
AHMED GOTAH, KEY WHANG, CORALIA V. GARCIA*
This study presents the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in rice, applying a QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The objective of the proposed method is a fast, inexpensive, and easy analysis of aflatoxins. The aflatoxins were separated on a C18 column by isocratic elution with water: methanol: acetonitrile (65 : 25 : 10, v/v/v), and detection was achieved at excitation/emission wavelengths of 360/450 nm, without derivatization. The calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99), and the limits of detection and quantification were ≤ 6 and ≤ 8 µg·kg-1, respectively. Average intraday and interday recoveries were in the range 104 - 119 % and 104 - 113 % with RSD % ≤ 12 % for concentrations between 6 - 20 µg·kg-1. The proposed method was tested on rice samples sold on markets, of which none exhibited presence of aflatoxins.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR TERBIUM (III) BY SUPPORTED LIQUID MEMBRANE USING D2EHPA AND TOPO AS A CARRIER
SID AHMED ELHABIRI, MOHAMED A. DIDI*
The extraction of terbium (III) from aqueous nitrate solutions with a supported liquid membrane was investigated using a mixture of di-(2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and tri-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) with a molar ratio 1/0.4. The mixture was dissolved in diethyl ether which served as a carrier. The hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was used as a solid support. SEM images and FTIR spectra showed that the PVDF membrane was modified after impregnation. The sorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. 8.29 mg∙g-1 was extracted using a supported liquid membrane (SLM). The mixture D2EHPA / TOPO (1/0.4) presented a synergistic effect. The influence of the ionic strength, stirring rate, extraction time, and the interactions between them on the extraction yield of terbium (III) ions was investigated using the factorial designs. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to show the relative importance of the extraction process parameters. Student’s t-test to the results of the factorial plane 33, with 30 runs for terbium (III) extraction, showed that the stirring rate in the studied ranges was statistically important. The amount of Tb (III) extracted after 12 cycles was 73.624 mg∙g-1.
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM SAMANEA SAMAN USING SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION BY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AND PICHIA STIPITIS
KUSMIYATI KUSMIYATI(1*), SABDA AJI KURNIAWAN(2), ABDUL AZIS(2), TAUFIK ARYADI(2), HADIYANTO HADIYANTO(3)
This study investigated the possibility rain tree pods (Samanea saman) to produce ethanol. The production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material involves four steps, namely: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and product separation. The pretreatment and hydrolysis are important steps to improve the production rate and yield of total sugar as well as the reducing sugar. The alkaline and acid pretreatments using H2O2 and H3PO4 were studied at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 %, v / v). From this study, the highest total sugar (18 %) and reducing sugar (9.4 %) contents were generated by 8 % H2O2 pretreatment in compared with those generated by H3PO4. Enzyme loadings (10, 20, 30, 40 FPU·g-1) were studied in hydrolysis step. The effect of enzyme loading show that, the highest total sugar (18 %) and reducing sugar (9.4 %) were obtained at 40 FPU·g-1 cellulase when 8 % H2O2 was used for pretreatment. In fermentation step, two kinds of yeast were used for fermentation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis). Furthermore, the effect of yeast only and the mixture of cellulase and S. cerevisiae yeast were studied. The mixture of cellulase and S. cerevisiae can produce higher ethanol precentage (0.8 %) and (0.46 %) when H2O2 and H3PO4 treatments were used, repectively as compared with mixture of cellulase and Pichia sp. which produced (0.3 %) and (0.12 %) when H2O2 and H3PO4 treatments were used, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS IN CASE OF USING CHICKPEA FLOUR IN INDUSTRIAL BAKERY
MADINA K. SADIGOVA*, VALENTINA A. BUHOVETS, MARIA V. BELOVA, GULSARA E. RYSMUHAMBETOVA
Chickpea derivatives are very promising flour products for bakery; however, their oligosaccharide content and a distinct bean smell limit their use. This paper contains proposals for various technology solutions for using chickpea flour in bakery. The authors consider such opportunities as: straight dough and sponge dough procedures for making semi-finished products (unbaked loaves), preparation of pregelatinized chickpea flour, micronization of chickpeas and using them together with flaxseed flour and exopolysaccharide. As a result, the authors choose optimal parameters and process modes for the proposed technology solutions.
EFFECTS OF SOME VEGETABLE PROTEINS ADDITION ON YOGURT QUALITY
ADRIANA DABIJA(1), GEORGIANA GABRIELA CODINĂ(1), ANCA-MIHAELA GÂTLAN(1), ELENA TODOSI SĂNDULEAC(1), LĂCRĂMIOARA RUSU(2*)
Yogurt is the most famous fermented milk product, with yogurt consumption having grown over the years and is still rising in many countries. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different vegetable proteins on the rheological, physicochemical and sensorial properties of yogurt with 10 % fat. The studied vegetable proteins were pea protein, soya protein, wheat gluten, hemp protein and pumpkin seed flour. The amount of vegetable protein added to the raw milk before pasteurization was calculated so that the yogurt contained 4 % of the protein. The finished product is a functional food that uses no preservatives, additives or genetically modified organisms. The addition of vegetable proteins in the yogurt formulation modified their rheological, physicochemical and sensory properties. It is possible to produce yogurts containing vegetable proteins without changing the technological procedure and with a good quality for the consumers.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW ORGANOPHILIC CLAY. PREPARATION OF POLYSTYRENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE
ALI BEN-YAHIA(1,2*), SAÏD EL KAZZOULI(2,3), EL MOKHTAR ESSASSI(1,2*), MOSTO M. BOUSMINA(3)
The aim of this work is the synthesis of new organo-clay using montmorillonite (MMT) and 1-hexadecyl-2-[(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl) methylbenzimidazole] cation (A3H+). The modified montmorillonite was then used for the preparation of polystyrene/clay nanocomposites. Different methods were used for the characterization of the synthesized material.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SOME ARTISANAL MINT LIQUEURS
MIRELA SUCEVEANU, IRINA-CLAUDIA ALEXA*, OANA-IRINA PATRICIU, LUMINIŢA GROSU, ADRIANA FÎNARU
The medicinal herb Mentha piperita L. has been used for hundreds of years for its remarkable medicinal properties. Due to its composition rich in essential oil, terpenes, flavonoids etc., the peppermint is commonly used in various fields for obtaining cosmetics, medicines, and also in the food industry. The aim of the present study consisted in developing accessible recipes for preparation of artisanal dessert mint liqueurs by different extraction variants and determining their physicochemical and sensory analyses. Four types of mint liqueurs were prepared by maceration of peppermint leaves in alcohol, varying the extraction parameters: time, temperature or by changing the order of ingredients addition. For the obtained artisanal liqueurs samples the following physicochemical characteristics were determined: dry extract, alcoholic strength, soluble solids, total acidity, fixed acidity, volatile acidity, density, conductivity and refractive index. The samples prepared were organoleptically analyzed by a multi-sensory approach (appearance and clarity, color, odor and aroma, taste) using the scoring method and the results revealed that the artisanal liqueurs obtained are well accepted by the consumers.
ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF NICKEL (II) USING LUFFA CYLINDRICA: EFFECT OF NaCl CONCENTRATION ON EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC PARAMETERS
CHIFAA AD(1*), MEBROUK DJEDID(1), MOKHTAR BENALIA(1), HICHAM ELMSELLEM(2), ASMA BOUDAOUD(1)
In this study, biosorption of Nickel (II) from saline solutions by Luffa Cylindrica, was studied as a function of pH, initial Nickel (II) and NaCl concentrations in a batch system. The sorbent exhibited the maximal Nickel (II) uptake at pH 6 in the absence and in the presence of increasing concentration of NaCl. Equilibrium uptake increased with the Nickel (II) concentration up to 100 mg·L-1 and diminished considerably in the presence of increasing concentrations of salt up to 50 g·L-1. At 100 mg·L-1, initial Nickel (II) concentration, Luffa Cylindrica 23.35 mg·g-1 of Nickel (II) without salt medium. When NaCl concentration was raised to 50 g·L-1, this value dropped to 13.55 mg·g-1 of Nickel (II) at the same conditions resulting in 41.98 % decrease in biosorption capacity. The equilibrium sorption data were analyzed by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. Freundlich was the most suitable adsorption model for describing the biosorption equilibrium data of Nickel (II) both individually and in salt-containing medium. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model also fitted well to both systems, viz. Nickel (II) and Nickel (II) + NaCl. Isotherm constants varied due to the level of salt were expressed as a function of initial NaCl concentration.