Volume 20, No. 1 (2019)
Articles
OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION (MAE) OF CINNAMON (CINNAMOMUM BURMANNII) OLEORESIN USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
LAELI KURNIASARI(1*), DARMANTO(2)
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) oleoresin is produced from the extraction of the cinnamon plant, mainly its bark. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) can produce this oleoresin with many advantages i.e. shorter time, lower energy, higher extraction rate and minimum potential of side product. The research was conducted for the optimization of cinnamon oleoresin extraction using MAE. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for the analysis with Central Composite Design (CCD) for designing the experiment. The three investigated variables were: time (10 - 30 min), solvent volume (100 - 300 mL) and solvent concentration (80 - 90 %). Ethanol was used as solvent, while the yield of oleoresin was the response. From the analysis, it was shown that an extraction time of 23.36 minutes with an ethanol volume of 258.2 mL and an ethanol concentration of 85 % will give a yield of 20.57 %.
EXTRACELLULAR LIPASE PRODUCTION BY TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM ISOLATED FROM OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL
ALIMA RIHANI(*), BOUDJEMA SOUMATI
The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum to secrete lipolytic activity and examined the influence of carbon on lipase production. A quantitative analysis of lipase activity was performed by the titration method using olive oil as a substrate. The isolated strain was cultivated in shaking flasks containing basal media and supplemented with olive oil 1 % (v / v) as lipid source. The effect of other carbon sources added to basal medium as lauric acid ester (Tween 80) and glucose was tested to improve enzyme production. Maximum biomass was produced at a concentration of (1906 mg∙mL-1 ± 4.58) and (622.5 mg∙mL-1 ± 9.19) in mineral medium supplemented with glucose (2 %) and Tween 80 respectively. However, the lipase activity was maximal for olive oil (1.58 IU∙mL-1 min-1 ± 0.11). The result obtained in this study indicated that olive oil proved to be the best inducer and stimulated lipase production. Glucose and Tween 80 supplied as additional carbon sources have not enhanced the lipase production, whereas they only increased the biomass of T. harzianum.
EFFECT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE CONCENTRATION, TEMPERATURE AND FRUIT SIZE ON THE PROCESSING TIME OF SEVILLIAN-STYLE GREEN TABLE OLIVES (OLEA EUROPAEA L.)
ENRIQUE DE FLORIO RAMIREZ(1), OMAR BELLIDO-VALENCIA(2*), LUIS A. MEDINA-MARROQUÍN(2), ANÍBAL VÁSQUEZ-CHICATA(2)
Sevillian-style green table olives are one of the main products derived from the olive (Olea europaea L.) tree on the market today. The way they are prepared involves the use of a sodium hydroxide solution to reduce the concentration of oleuropein, reducing the original bitter taste of the fruit. In this study we investigate the effect of hydroxide concentration, process temperature and fruit size on the time required to complete the process. Using a complete factorial design, these factors were evaluated at two levels. The shortest treatment time (180 min) was obtained using the highest levels of sodium hydroxide concentration and temperature (15 g·L-1 NaOH and 25 °C). The interaction of these two factors was significant, unlike the size of the fruits, which was not significant for the two levels tested (240 and 150 units∙kg-1).
OPTIMIZATION OF GRAPE PEELS PARTICLE SIZE AND FLOUR SUBSTITUTION IN WHITE WHEAT FLOUR DOUGH
SILVIA MIRONEASA(1*), MĂDĂLINA IUGA(1), DUMITRU ZAHARIA(2), COSTEL MIRONEASA(3)
Grape peels flour (GPF) is regarded as a good source of fiber to enrich baked products. The particle size and the amount of grape peels flour (GPF) added in white wheat flour (WWF) are essential formulation factors which affect dough rheology and bread quality. This study aimed to optimize formulation factors, GPF particle size and level of flour substitution in WWF dough using response surface methodology (RSM) with a full factorial design and multiple responses optimization approach. The results showed that the models developed for response variables, Rheofermentometer characteristics and dynamic rheological properties adequately described the relationships. The optimum value of formulation factors was found to be composite grape peels-wheat flours containing 4.67 % GPF of small particle size when desirability function method was applied.
OPTIMIZATION OF DRYING PROCESS OF CORN NOODLES USING FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
TJAHJA MUHANDRI(1,2*), SUBARNA(1,2), AFIFAH ZAHRA AGISTA(1), PURWIYATNO HARIYADI(1,2), AMINULLAH(3*)
Drying process was one of the main factors in preserving noodles because it can reduce water content to less than 12 % (w/w (weight by weight)). The objectives of this study were to optimize the drying process of corn noodles using fluidized bed dryer (temperatures of 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C with airflow velocities of 0.73 m‧s-1, 1.53 m‧s-1, and 2.17 m‧s-1) and to determine the influence of water addition (60 %, 70 %, and 80 % (w/w)) to the dough of corn noodles. The results showed that the best rehydration profile of dried noodles was obtained from drying process at temperature of 60 °C with airflow velocity of 2.17 m‧s-1. The quality of dried corn noodles was influenced by final moisture content of dried noodles and water addition. The critical moisture contents on water additions of 60 %, 70 %, and 80 % were 12, 11, and 10 % (w/w), respectively. The results also showed the optimum quality of dried corn noodles which was obtained from the dough with water addition of 80 %, drying temperature of 60 °C with velocity of 2.17 m‧s-1 for 107 minutes, and moisture content of 10 %. This has similar properties of moisture content, cooking loss, elongation, and hardness to the conventional drying.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SWEETENERS ON IN VITRO STARCH DIGESTION IN BISCUITS WITH WHEAT FLOUR AND WHOLE BARLEY FLOUR
GJORE NAKOV(1*), MARKO JUKIĆ(2), NASTIA VASILEVA(1), VIKTORIJA STAMATOVSKA(3), IVAN DIMOV(4), DALIBORKA KOCEVA KOMLENIĆ(2)
Digestion of starch affects the glycemic index and it is important to know the percentage of starch digestion (degradation) in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate In vitro starch digestion of biscuits produced from wheat and barley flour in different ratios (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, 0:100) with the addition of various sweeteners (sucrose, glucose solution and a mixture of sucrose and a glucose solution). In vitro starch digestion was evaluated after 0, 60, 120 and 180 min. It has been established that digestion of starch increases over time of hydrolysis. The results indicated that all types of biscuits produced from wheat and barley flour (in different ratio) had the slowest In vitro digestion when sucrose was used as a sweetener. The most rapid In vitro digestion was observed when a glucose solution was used as a sweetener, except in biscuits produced from 100% barley flour where the most rapid digestion was noticed for biscuits with a mixture of sucrose and glucose solution.
SELECTIVE LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION OF Cr (III) FROM Cr (III) AND Fe (III) MIXTURE BY CHELEX 100 RESIN
AFAF AMARA-REKKAB(*), MOHAMED AMINE DIDI
This work focuses on the liquid-solid extraction of the mixture chromium (III) and iron (III) by the resin Chelex 100. The influence of operating parameters as equilibrium time (2 to 45 min), the initial pH of aqueous solution (1.06 to 3.97), effect of initial chromium (Ш) and iron (III) concentrations (100 to 500 ppm), effect of temperature (295 to 328 K) and the effect of ionic strength (NaCl, KNO3) was studied. The extraction yields of and the capacities of sorption of Cr (III) and Fe (III) by the resin Chelex 100 were determined at 64.94 and 87.30 % equivalent to 11.6 and 10.94 mg∙g-1 respectively. The equilibrium time was 45 and 5 min for initial concentrations of the mixture of Cr (III) and Fe (III) 500 mg∙L-1 respectively. The kinetic model of the pseudo second order describes the sorption process for the two metals. The separation of two metals is maximal at 100 mg∙L-1 and in the presence of KNO3 0.1 M. The thermodynamic study showed that the extraction process is exothermic (-29223 and -20735.1 kJ∙mol-1 for Cr (III) and Fe (III) respectively) and the negative ΔG values show that, the sorption of metals occurs spontaneously in 295 - 328 K, while it is not appropriate in case of Fe (III) as indicated by the positive sign of ΔG (96 kJ∙mol-1) at 309 K. The percentage of desorption is estimated to 57.6 % for both metals by the solution of HNO3 1 M. The experimental results obtained showed the validity of the liquid-solid extraction to be used for selective extraction and concentration of Cr (III) from the Cr (III) and Fe (III) mixture solutions.
EXPLOITATION OF ORGANIC ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES IN THE REMOVAL OF PEPTONE FROM WASTEWATER
LAURENȚIU TATARU(1), VALENTIN NEDEFF(1,2*), EMILIAN MOȘNEGUȚU(1), MIRELA PANAINTE-LEHADUȘ(1), DANA ALEXANDRA CHIȚIMUȘ(1)
In the present paper an ultrafiltration experiment was carried out for testing the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane in the process of peptone separation from wastewater. The evaluation of the applied ultrafiltration process consisted in the monitoring and the recording of the parameters as well as of some indicators that will reveal the PAN membrane efficiency (the percentage of peptone retention on the membrane surface, the volume and quality of the resulting permeate in the pre-established time period). The obtained results showed that the peptone retention efficiency was noticeably, around 20 % and the obtained permeate volume did not decrease greatly, only by 2.5 L over 300 minutes experiment.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SLUDGE FROM THE TREATMENT OF DRINKING WATER AND THEIR VALUATION IN THE TREATMENT OF LEACHATE
HASNA ELMONTASSIR(1*), KHADIJA ZAKI(1), BOUCHRA WASSATE(1), NAJIA GOUZOULI(2), MUSAPHA AFDALI(3), YOUNES KARHAT(1)
The water purification plants generate hydroxide sludge. Most of this sludge is either dried or stored onsite, disposed of in landfill or discharged to various receiving environments without any prior treatment. The present work consists in the characterization of the sludge resulting from the treatment of water purification in the perspective of their environmental valorization especially in the field of decontamination of the leachates of the public dumps. The physico-chemical, mineralogical and microscopic analyzes carried out on sludge from water purification plants revealed that these sludges are silico-aluminous clays, consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of particles of irregular shapes in sheet and granular compound minerals of rounded forms, and very rich in silica, aluminum and iron. This sludge was used for the organic depollution of young and mature leachates from solid waste collection trucks and dump storage ponds, respectively. On the basis of the results of the tests carried out, it turns out that the characteristics of the sludges in question give them the properties of a good adsorbent for the organic matter with a yield of 58 % reduction for the young leachate under the conditions of pH = 6, a contact time of 40 min and a sludge mass of 4 g·L-1. An 86.25 % reduction yield for mature leachates under pH = 6 conditions, a contact time of 30 min and a sludge mass of 2 g·L-1.
PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED CHIA SEEDS AND PROSPECTS OF THEIR APPLICATION IN FUNCTIONAL FOODSTUFFS
ALEXANDER A. KROLEVETS(1), NINA I. MYACHIKOVA(1), CECILIA GEORGESCU(2*), VYACHESLAV S. ANDREENKOV(1)
The research paper sets out the results of the examination of nanostructured chia seed properties by the methods of self-organization and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The research results show that the chia seed nanoparticles exhibit supramolecular properties and are water-soluble; a nanocapsule medium size is from 214 to 291 nm. That said, the size of chia seed nanocapsules depends on the nature of a carbohydrate shell significantly.