Volume 17, No. 1 (2016)
Articles
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ORGANIC MATTER DEGRADATION OF COMPOSTED SLUDGE AND SLUDGE LANDFILLED </br> ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE LA DEGRADATION DE LA MATIERE ORGANIQUE DES BOUES COMPOSTEES ET BOUES MISES EN DECHARGE
SLIMANE LAHSAINI(1), LEILA IDRISSI(1), SALAH SOUABI(1*), LOUBNA EL FELS(2), ANAS AGUELMOUS(1), MOHAMED HAFIDI(2)
The results of the biotransformation of organic matter for three trials A (500 kg sludge + 400 kg turf + 100 kg of straw), B (1000 kg sludge composted alone), and C (1000 kg sludge landfilled) after six months show a good degradation rate for trial A, compared to B, and C. C/N ratio decrease from 30 to 12 for mixture A, from 32 to 19 for B, and from 32 to 24 for C. An important decomposition rate, about 74 %, for mixture A has been reached after six months. The final compost for mixture A exhibited a high concentration (151.7 g·kg-1) of humic substance and a low concentration of heavy metal contents, compared to the AFNOR standard (NF U 44-041). The efficiency of the composting is confirmed by the germination index (GI), which exceeds 90 % for the trial A. However, phytotoxicity for trials B and C remains less important (GI does not exceed 40 %). The results of trial A will open the way for the agricultural use of sludge.
GREEN SEAWEEDS EXTRACT AS CO-SENSITIZER FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
ANCA DUMBRAVA(1*), JEANINA LUNGU(2), ALEXANDRU ION(1)
The row extract of ethanol soluble compounds from the green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis was used as source for chlorophyll pigments in the sensitization and co-sensitization of TiO2-based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). We used two techniques for co-sensitization (the successive adsorptions of dyes, respective the cocktails of dyes) and the characteristics of DSSCs were studied having in view different pHs of the extracts. The results for DSSCs based on co-sensitized TiO2 photoanodes, obtained in diverse pH conditions, were compared with those for DSSCs based on substrates sensitized by a single source of pigments. The DSSCs fabricated using photoanodes sensitized with a cocktail of green seaweeds and red cabbage extracts, in basic medium, have higher value for efficiency, compared to green seaweeds, respective red cabbage extracts in the same conditions, and the fill factor was remarkable high (0.795). Thus, the co-sensitization by cocktail method may be a proper technique to enhance the light harvesting capability of natural dyes based DSSCs.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SLUDGE OF IBN ZIAD CONSTANTINE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT FOR ITS LANDSPREADING
WASSILA CHEURFI, HASSINA BOUGHERARA(*), BRAHIM KEBABI
The purpose of this study was to determine the content of metals elements in the sludge of Ibn Ziad sewage treatment plant of Constantine in order to preserve its quality for subsequent use in agriculture. The use of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy allowed us to identify the following constituents in this mud: Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, Pb. These elements represent 49.82 % of the total mass of the sludge. The elements present with regulated content limit are chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. They occur respectively with the following concentrations: 0.27 mg·g-1, 0.48 mg·g-1, 0.11 mg·g-1, 0.35 mg·g-1 and 2.70 mg·g-1. We have achieved an extraction for evaluating the concentration of the dissolved nitrate ions, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and pH. The nitrate ions were transformed into sodium paranitrosalicylate to be dosed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy at 420 nm. The concentration measured was 0.12 mg·g-1. The measuring of the COD issued a value of 0.45 mg·g-1. pH was 7.1.
USE OF SEA BUCKTHORN FRUITS IN THE PASTRY MANUFACTURING
RODICA A. STURZA(1), ALIONA A. GHENDOV-MOŞANU(2), OLGA I. DESEATNICOV(2), NATALIA F. SUHODOL(2*)
Different researches on optimizing the shelf life of pastries (gingerbread, sponge cakes) that are produced by adding sea buckthorn flour (2 - 4 % by weight of the flour used) are presented in this study. This study shows the impact of biologically active substances on structural and mechanical, physicochemical, microbiological properties as well as the antioxidant activity of products under the conditions of in vitro gastric digestion. It has been demonstrated that the sea buckthorn flour increases the porosity of pastries, reduces the wet gluten amount and this contributes to moisture loss. The organoleptic assessment indicates that the addition of 2 % sea buckthorn flour improves the appearance, the color and the consistency of pastries. Microbiological analysis showed that samples with added sea buckthorn flour exhibit microbiological stability due to the sea buckthorn chemical composition. The antiradical activity DPPH• in conditions of in vitro gastric digestion of the samples with added sea buckthorn flour increases in a positive way, indicating a clearly positive effect on health.
SCREENING OF MEDIUM COMPOUNDS USING A TWO-LEVEL FACTORIAL DESIGN FOR SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII
GUOWEI SHU(1*), ZHANGTENG LEI(1), HE CHEN(1), PEI WANG(1), DAN HUANG(2)
Even if the probiotic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii is has been reported, this yeast is rarely used in medium composition. Based on single factor experiment, two-level factorial design was employed to evaluate the effect of carbon sources (sucrose, glucose), nitrogen sources (soy peptone, beef extract, yeast extract, calf serum, malt extract) and salts (K2HPO4, KH2PO4, MgSO4, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, CaCl2, sodium citrate, sodium glutamate) on the growth of S. boulardii. At the same time, the optical density (OD) in the medium was measured at 560 nm after 36 h of incubation. The result of two-level factorial design experiment showed that calf serum (p = 0.0214) and sodium citrate (p = 0.0045) are the significant growth factors of S. boulardii, sucrose (p = 0.0861) and malt extract (p = 0.0763) are important factors. In addition, sucrose and sodium citrate showed positive effect on the growth of S. boulardii. However, calf serum and malt extract showed negative effect on the growth. And we determined that the optimum medium composition for S. boulardii was as follow: 37.5 g·L-1 sucrose, 6 g·L-1 calf serum, 6 g·L-1 malt extract, 5 g·L-1 sodium citrate.
STUDY ON OIL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH POLYMERIC REAGENTS
RODICA BUCUROIU(1*), MARIUS PETRACHE(2), VIOREL VLASCEANU(1), MARIUS GABRIEL PETRESCU(1)
Used the polymeric reagents in oil wastewater treatment is an effective method of eliminate hydrocarbons. The present study aims to finding reagents that lead to lowering of extractible (EXT), suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of industrial wastewater from washing cars in loading ramps petroleum products. For this purpose five reagents were tested, namely: polyamines, cationic polyacrylamides, polydiallydimethyl ammonium chloride (PolyDADMAC), melamine formaldehyde polymer resin and polydicyandiamide polymer resin. Obtaining removal degrees over 80 % justifies using this method in the industrial practice.
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD ON PURIFICATION OF GLUCOMANNAN FROM AMORPHOPHALLUS ONCOPHYLLUS BY USING 2-PROPANOL
DYAH H. WARDHANI(*), FATONI NUGROHO, M. MUSLIHUDIN, NITA ARYANTI
Glucomannan purification methods affect the properties of mannan and have influence to the scope of glucomannan applications. Combination between ethanol solution and thermal treatment is commonly method applied to purify glucomannan obtained from Amorphophallus sp. However, 2-propanol was reported to be more effective in removing glucomannan impurities including the starch and the carotenes. The objective of this research was to study the effect of 2-propanol concentration, temperature and time as well as their interaction on purification of glucomannan obtained from Amorphophallus oncophyllus by using response surface methods. The relevant parameters (glucomannan content, starch content, degree of whiteness, yield) were investigated in order to establish mathematical model. The results showed that the linear models were reliable to predict the responses (R2 ≥ 0.926). Temperature was a significant variable for the all responses. This purification method improved the absorbance of the functional groups at ~2900 cm-1 of stretching of C-H vibration and ~1730 cm-1 of acetyl group which is responsible on glucomannan solubility. However, this method reduced the absorbance of the functional groups at ~1650, ~1070, ~1020 and 900 - 800 cm-1 of absorbed water or protein, C-O alcohol and -glucosidic and -mannosidic linkages, respectively. The morphology observation revealed that this purification method achieves separation and removal of impurities which encapsulated the glucomannan and subsequently released the glucomannan granules. The highest content of glucomannan obtained in this study was 72.30 % when 90 % 2-propanol at 75 °C for 180 min was used for purification.
AN APPLE GRADING SYSTEM ACCORDING TO EUROPEAN FRUIT QUALITY STANDARDS USING GABOR FILTER AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
KEYVAN ASEFPOUR VAKILIAN(*), JAFAR MASSAH
With the advent of applications of machine learning methods in food engineering in recent decades, several intelligent methods have been introduced in fruit grading technology. In this study, an apple grading system is presented using image’s textural features extraction and artificial intelligence. The objective of this study was to simplify the use of Gabor filter in classification of two varieties of apple fruits (Golden Delicious and Red Delicious) in four categories according to the European fruit quality standards. Using this filter, neural network classifier was trained for four category grading of the fruits. Two textural parameters were extracted from each obtained image: mean and variance of energy values of obtained image representing image’s luminous intensity and contrast, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the training of extracted features of about 350 fruits enabled the network to classify the test samples with appropriate accuracy. Compared to the state-of-the-art, the proposed grading categories (‘Extra’, ‘Type 1’, ‘Type 2’ and ‘Rejected’ classes) achieved acceptable recognition rates of about 89 % and 92 % overall accuracy for Golden Delicious and Red Delicious varieties, respectively. These experimental results show the appropriate application of proposed method in fast grading of apple fruits. Furthermore, proposed feature extraction and network training methods can be used efficiently in online applications.
SYNTHESIS AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME NEW PO43-, HPO42- AND HPO32- CONTAINING ORGANOTIN (IV) DERIVATIVES
WALY DIALLO, LIBASSE DIOP(*)
Four new organotin (IV) derivatives containing coordinating phosphate, hydrogenophosphate and hydrophosphonate anions have been synthesized and studied by infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopies. Discrete, infinite chain or oligomeric structures have been suggested, the anion behaving as a bi- or a tridentate ligand, the environment around the tin (IV) center being in all cases trans trigonal bipyramidal. The starting HPO3H2 in three cases has turned into phosphate when reacting with SnPh3OH while in the presence of SnMe3OH this oxidation does not occur. Some of the derivatives are hydrated ones while the others are not, the water molecules deriving from the condensation reaction being kept or not in the lattice. The presence of ethylenediamine in a monoprotonated and diprotonated forms and involved in hydrogen bonding in some of the compounds seems noteworthy and may explain the presence of water molecules or not. Supramolecular architectures are obtained when secondary interactions are considered.
NEW HALOTIN (IV) WITH EDTA: SYNTHESIS AND INFRARED STUDY
SERIGNE CISSE, IBRAHIMA CISSE, LIBASSE DIOP(*)
Tri acidic or neutral ethylenediaminetetraacetato [H3Y- or Y4-] containing adducts and derivatives have been synthesized and studied by infrared. The suggested structures are discrete with octahedral environments around the tin centres, the thylenediaminetetraacetic anion behaving as a tridentate, pentachelating and bidentate, pentachelating and tridentate ligand. For the last structure when intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving OH group are considered, a supramolecular architecture may be obtained.